Encoders
Encoders are essential in robotic arms and CNC machines. Almost all wheeled mobile robots have encoders.
- Odometry data is usually given by encoder measurements
- Incremental encoders with quadrature decoding are common
Motion Capture
Motion capture devices are often used for indoor, high-precision, absolute positioning sensors. Typically, this consists of a camera system for detecting retroreflective markers. The markers reflect light generated by the cameras. The exact locations as well as orientations of markers can be found by triangulating multiple cameras.
GPS and GNSS
GPS and GNSS are almost essential in outdoor field robots. The European GNSS Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS) is known to be capable of 1 cm accuracy.
