SymbolTerm
Interest rate
Present value
Future value
Cash flow
Number of periods

Time Value of Money

Future value of a cash flow:

Present value of a cash flow:

Interest Rate vs. Discount Rate vs. Cost of Capital

  • “Interest rate” is used to mean a quoted rate in the market.
  • “Discount rate” is the appropriate rate for discounting a given cash flow, matched to the frequency of the cash flow.
  • “Cost of capital” to indicate the rate of return on an investment of similar risk.

Chapter 6 - Bonds

Bond Calculation Questions

  • Use coupon rate to calculate PMT:
  • Make sure to multiply by number of payments per year
  • I/Y is yield to maturity divided by number of payments per year
  • FV is par value
  • PV is price paid

Premium/Par/Discount

  • Premium/Above par: Bond price > Face Value, or Coupon rate > YTM
  • At par: Bond value = Face Value, or Coupon Rate = YTM
  • Discount/Below par: Bond price < Face Value, or Coupon Rate < YTM

Sensitivity

Longer maturity = sensitive Low coupon = sensitive

  • Why is low/no coupon sensitive? A larger portion of the cash flows to be received in the future will result in larger changes due to compounding

Market rate rises Price falls YTM rises to match market Market rate falls Price rises YTM falls to match market

Credit Spread

Credit spread = Bond yield - treasury yield

Chapter 7 - Stock

  • Reinvsting earnings:

Chapter 9 - Capital Budgeting

  • Free cash flows = Earnings + Depreciation - Capital Expenditures - Change in NWC
    • Earnings here is incremental earnings or unlevered net income
  • Net working capital (NWC) = Current Assets - Current Liabilities

Incremental earnings approach:

Tax shield approach:

After-tax cash flow from asset sale:

where capital gain/loss is sale price - salvage value.

  • Savage value = purchase price - accumulated depreciation

Chapter 12 Systematic Risk

Beta

  • Beta () is the is the expected percentage change in the return of a security for a 1% change in the market’s return. -Beta for HP = 1.4, Market excess return was -2.5 → HP excess return was

  • Excess return = Return - Market portfolio return

SML

  • -intercept = risk-free rate
  • = market risk premium
  • above SML → underpriced (we should buy)
  • below SML → overpriced (we should sell)